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Indicative Mood

The Indicative  Mood

Indicates the verbal idea as actual.

The Declarative Indicative

This use of the indicative makes a simple statement of fact.

The Interrogative Indicative

The indicative mood is used to ask a simple question. Reality is implied in a fact asked about in the indicative mood.

The Cohortative Indicative

The indicative may be used to express a command or a strong suggestion. This is especially true of the future indicative.

The Potential Indicative

The indicative is sometimes accompanied by the idea of contingency. This idea is given by the use of ἄν, the meaning of the verb, or by context. ἄν may or may not be used.

The indicative may be used to express a necessity and from the necessity an obligation. Usually with ἔδει.

Wish (unfulfilled- ὀφείλον – would that) or impulse.

Used in Certain Forms of Conditions

Positive and Negative

οὐ – expects an affirmative reply

μή – expects a negative answer

Indicative Mood = Reality

Imperfect

Active

ἔλυ (ον)                      ἐλύ (ομεν)

ἔλυ (ες)                       ἐλύ (ετε)

ἔλυ (ς)                         ἔλυ (ον)

Middle / Passive

ἐλυ (ὀμην)                ἐλυ (ὀμεθα)

ἐλύ (ου)                      ἐλύ (εσθε)

ἐλύ (ετο)                    ἐλυ (όντο)

Present

Active

λύ(ω)                          λύ (ομεν)

λύ (εις                        λύ (ετε)

λύ (ει)                         λύ (ουσι)

Middle / Passive

λύ (ομαι)                   λυ (όμεθα)

λύ (ῃ)                          λύ (εσθε)

λύ (εται)                    λύ (ονται)

Future

Active

λύ (σω)                      λύ (σομεν)

λύ (σεις)                    λύ (σετε)

λύ (σει)                      λύ (σουσι)

Middle

λύ (σομαι)                λύ (σομεθα)

λύ (σῃ)                       λύ (σεθε)

λυ (σεται)                 λύ (σονται)

Passive

λυ (θήσομαι)           λυ (θησόμεθα)

λυ (θήσῃ)                  λυ (θήσεσθε)

λυ (θήεται)               λυ (θήσονται)

1st Aorist

Active

ἔλυ (σα)                      ἔλυ (σαμεν)

Indicative Mood2023-12-11T12:17:48-08:00

Present Indicative Middle

Class Notes

Present Indicative Middle

The Present Indicative Middle in Greek is a grammatical mood, voice, and tense used to describe action that the subject performs with the emphasis on the subject’s involvement, either on himself or for his own benefit.

The middle voice represents the subject as acting with reference to himself. I wash myself (λούομαι); I buy for myself (ἀγοράζομαι).

The Present Indicative Middle in Greek follows the typical present indicative conjugation patterns, but with specific middle voice endings. In the present tense, the middle has the following personal endings:

Person Singular Plural
1st ομαι ομεθα
2nd ῃ (ει) εσθε
3rd εται ονται

Present Indicative Middle of λούω (“I wash myself”)

 

Person Form Translation
1st sg. λούομαι I wash myself
2nd sg. λούῃ (or λούει) You wash yourself
3rd sg. λούεται He washes himself
1st pl. λουόμεθα We wash ourselves
2nd pl. λούεσθε You all wash yourselves
3rd pl. λούονται They wash themselves

λούεσθαι (loúesthai) – “to wash oneself”

 

Thematic Vowel in the Present Indicative Middle

 

The thematic vowel is inserted between the verb stem and the middle endings. The thematic vowels are ο and ε, depending on the form, and they follow this pattern:

  1. ο before -μαι, -μεθα, -νται.
  2. ε before –ται, -σαι (contracted to ῃ or ει), and -σθε.

 

Present Indicative Middle Personal Endings:

Person Singular Plural
1st Person -μαι -μεθα
2nd Person -σαι -σθε
3rd Person -ται -νται

-σαι (contracted to ῃ or ει)

Present Indicative Middle thematic vowel:

Person Form Thematic Vowel Translation
1st sg. λούομαι ο I wash myself
2nd sg. λούεσαι (λούῃ) ε You wash yourself
3rd sg. λούεται ε He washes himself
1st pl. λουομεθα ο We wash ourselves
2nd pl. λούεσθε ε You all wash yourselves
3rd pl. λούονται ο They wash themselves

Examples:

 

Matthew 15:2 “Why do Your disciples transgress the tradition of the elders? For they do not wash (νίπτονται) their hands when they eat bread.”

2 Corinthians 10:3 For though we walk in the flesh, we do not war (στρατευόμεθα) according to the flesh.

Galatians 1:9 As we have said before, so now I say again, if anyone preaches (εὐαγγελίζεται) any other gospel to you than what you have received, let […]

Present Indicative Middle2024-10-05T08:47:05-07:00

Optative Mood

The Optative Mood

The mood of strong contingency or possibility. It expresses no definite anticipation of realization, rather, it only presents the action as conceivable.

The Volitive Optative (Wishes)

This use denotes a wish. It is the ordinary verbal form for expressing wishes and is the most common use of the optative.

The Potential Optative (Futuristic)

This use signifies what would happen on the fulfillment of some supposed condition. It is used in a clause which implies condition. The particle ἄν usually occurs with this use. It simply states that a thing could, or might be possible.

The Deliberative Optative

The Optative is used a few times in the New Testament to express indirect questions. This use involves ἔιν (third person singular of the Present of εἰμίv). Normally an indirect question is expressed by the Indicative; however, the Optative gives the question a more tentative and cautious tone.

The Conditional Optative

This use, using ἄν or εί, is related to the potential Optative. The condition of the Optative is part of the fourth-class conditional sentence. Either the είv in the protasis with the Optative or the ἄν in the apodosis with the Optative will be found, but not both at the same time.

The Optative in Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Speech

 

The Optative is used in clauses introduced by πρίν ἥ.

Optative Mood = Not Likely (Wishful)

Present

Future

1st Aorist

2nd Aorist

1st Perfect

2nd Perfect

Future Perfect

© 2017 Luther Walker | All Rights Reserved | This book or any potion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief quotations […]

Optative Mood2023-12-11T12:17:26-08:00

Biblical Greek First Year Lesson 9

Class Notes

Imperfect Indicative Middle and Passive

The Imperfect Indicative Middle and Passive are grammatical construction that expresses an action being performed on the subject (passive voice) or by the subject for the subject’s benefit (middle voice) and occurring continuously or repeatedly in the past (imperfect tense). This tense is used when describing events that were ongoing, habitual, or repeated over a period of time, rather than a single, completed action.

The Imperfect Indicative Middle and Passive Endings:

Singular

1st Person:  – όμην

2nd Person: – ου

3rd Person: – ετο

Plural

1st Person: – όμεθα

2nd Person: – εσθε

3rd Person: – οντο

The imperfect Tense indicated action in the past, up to the point of writing. It is ongoing or repetitive action occurring in the past.

The indicative mood is used to express a statement as factual or reality. Therefore, the action is perceived as real or certain.

The passive voice emphasis that action of the verb being performed on the subject. Where the middle expresses the subject performs the action and is directly involved in its effect or outcome; therefore, done for the subject’s own benefit, on themselves, or in some reciprocal manner.

Imperfect Indicative Middle/Passive conjugation using λύω (to loose).

Singular

1st Person: ἐλυόμην – I was loosing (for myself)

2nd Person: ἐλύου – You were loosing (for yourself)

3rd Person: ἐλύετο – He/She/It was loosing (for him/her/itself)

Plural

1st Person: ἐλυόμεθα – We were loosing (for ourselves)

2nd Person: ἐλύεσθε – You all were loosing (for yourselves)

3rd Person: ἐλύοντο – They were loosing (for themselves)

Imperfect Indicative Middle or Passive Examples:

ἐγίνετο (from γίνομαι – “to become” or “to […]

Biblical Greek First Year Lesson 92024-11-03T15:36:32-08:00

Biblical Greek First Year Lesson 6

Class Notes

Present Indicative Passive Lesson 6

Presentation Slides

Present Indicative Passive

βάλλω (ballō) – I throw

διδάσκω (didaskō) – I teach

ἐγείρω (egeirō) – I raise up

ἀγγέλλω (angellō) – I announce

κηρύσσω (kēryssō) – I proclaim/announce

κρίνω (krinō) – I judge

πέμπω (pempō) – I send

ἀποστέλλω (apostellō) – I send (with a mission)

σώζω (sōzō) – I save

εἰς (eis) – into, because of

ὑπό (hypo) – Ablative, by; Accusative, under

The Present Indicative Passive in Greek is a verb form used to express that the subject is being acted upon in the present time. The Present aspect signifies that the action is ongoing or habitual, while the Indicative mood indicates a statement of fact. The Passive voice means the subject of the sentence is receiving the action rather than performing it. The Passive voice does not have a separate set of endings from the middle voice, except in the future and aorist.

Present Indicative Passive Endings:

Singular:

  1. -ομαι (-omai) – First person singular (I am being loosed).
  2. –ῃ (-ēi) or -ει (-ei) – Second person singular (You are being loosed).
  3. -εται (-etai) – Third person singular (He/she/it is being loosed).

Plural:

  1. -όμεθα (-ometha) – First person plural (We are being loosed).
  2. -εσθε (-esthe) – Second person plural (You all are being loosed).
  3. -ονται (-ontai) – Third person plural (They are being loosed).

Key Features of the Present Indicative Passive:

  1. Voice: Passive voice means the subject is receiving the action. For example, “λύομαι” means “I am being loosed,” not “I loose.”
  2. Aspect: The Present tense conveys continuous or ongoing action, implying the subject is currently or habitually being acted upon.
  3. Mood: Indicative mood denotes a statement of fact. It indicates real actions or events happening in the present time.

The Present Indicative Passive forms:

Singular:

    […]
Biblical Greek First Year Lesson 62024-10-18T07:22:50-07:00
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